Semaglutide is one of the most clinically validated peptides for weight management. As a GLP-1 receptor agonist, it mimics a naturally occurring hormone that regulates appetite, slows gastric emptying, and improves insulin sensitivity. Clinical trials have demonstrated average weight reductions of 15–20% of body weight with weekly subcutaneous injections. Beyond weight loss, semaglutide has demonstrated significant benefits for cardiovascular health, blood sugar regulation, and metabolic function. It is FDA-approved under the brand names Ozempic (diabetes) and Wegovy (weight management) and is also available through medical weight loss programs in compounded form.

Tirzepatide represents a significant advancement over single-agonist GLP-1 therapies by targeting both GLP-1 and GIP receptors simultaneously. Clinical trials (SURMOUNT) have demonstrated average weight reductions of 20–22% of body weight, among the highest recorded for a non-surgical weight loss intervention. Beyond weight loss, tirzepatide improves insulin resistance, reduces triglycerides, and has demonstrated cardiovascular benefits. FDA-approved as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and Zepbound for weight management, it is also available through medical weight loss programs.

AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of human growth hormone (hGH), specifically the C-terminal portion (amino acids 176-191) responsible for hGH's fat-burning effects. Unlike full hGH, AOD-9604 does not affect blood sugar, insulin resistance, or cell proliferation, making it a more targeted option for fat metabolism support. It works by stimulating lipolysis (fat breakdown) and inhibiting lipogenesis (fat storage). AOD-9604 is commonly used in combination with other peptides as part of a comprehensive body composition protocol. It has been studied in clinical trials for obesity treatment.

CJC-1295 is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and release more growth hormone. It is characterized by an extended half-life compared to native GHRH, allowing less frequent dosing. CJC-1295 is most commonly used in combination with Ipamorelin, as the two peptides act synergistically, CJC-1295 provides the GHRH signal while Ipamorelin provides the GHRP signal, producing a stronger, more physiological GH pulse. Benefits include improved body composition, enhanced recovery, better sleep quality, and metabolic support.

Ipamorelin is a third-generation growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP) that selectively stimulates GH secretion from the pituitary with minimal impact on cortisol, prolactin, or other hormones, making it one of the cleanest and most tolerable GH secretagogues available. It works by mimicking ghrelin and binding to the ghrelin/GHS receptor in the pituitary and hypothalamus. Most commonly combined with CJC-1295 for synergistic GH stimulation. Benefits include improved fat metabolism, muscle recovery, sleep quality, and anti-aging effects. It is well-tolerated and widely used in longevity and performance protocols.

Sermorelin is a synthetic analog of the first 29 amino acids of natural growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and secrete natural growth hormone in a physiological pattern, preserving the body's normal feedback mechanisms. Because it works through the body's own regulatory systems rather than directly introducing exogenous GH, sermorelin is considered one of the safer approaches to GH optimization. Benefits include improved body composition, better sleep, enhanced recovery, and anti-aging effects. It is particularly popular in anti-aging medicine and as a gentler alternative to HGH therapy.

Tesamorelin is an FDA-approved synthetic analog of GHRH, approved for the reduction of excess visceral abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. It stimulates GH release through the pituitary, leading to reduced visceral fat, improved lipid profiles, and better metabolic function. Outside its approved indication, tesamorelin is used in clinical wellness programs for visceral fat reduction and body composition improvement. It has demonstrated superior visceral fat reduction compared to other GHRH analogs in clinical studies, making it a strong option for patients with stubborn abdominal fat.

MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is an oral, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics the action of ghrelin by binding to the ghrelin receptor in the brain. Unlike injectable peptides, it is taken orally and has a long half-life (~24 hours), allowing once-daily dosing. It increases both GH and IGF-1 levels, which supports muscle mass, fat metabolism, bone density, sleep quality, and recovery. MK-677 is commonly used in body composition and longevity protocols. It is not FDA-approved but is widely used in clinical wellness settings under medical supervision.

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic peptide derived from a naturally occurring protein found in gastric juice. It has demonstrated remarkable tissue repair and regenerative properties in numerous preclinical studies, including accelerated healing of muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone injuries. BPC-157 works partly by promoting angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) and activating growth factor signaling pathways. It also has strong evidence for gut healing, reducing inflammation in inflammatory bowel conditions, and protecting the gastric mucosa. Administered by injection or orally depending on the target area, it is widely used in athletic recovery protocols.

TB-500 is a synthetic version of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring protein that plays a central role in tissue repair, regeneration, and inflammation regulation. It works primarily by upregulating actin, a cell-building protein essential for tissue repair and cell migration. TB-500 has strong evidence for accelerating healing of muscle tears, tendon injuries, ligament damage, and skin wounds. It also reduces inflammation and promotes new blood vessel growth. Often combined with BPC-157 for comprehensive recovery protocols, TB-500 is particularly popular among athletes recovering from chronic or acute injuries.

GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-copper) is a naturally occurring human copper-binding peptide that has demonstrated broad tissue repair, anti-aging, and regenerative properties. It declines significantly with age, and supplementation is associated with increased collagen production, improved skin elasticity, wound healing acceleration, and anti-inflammatory effects. GHK-Cu can be administered systemically for tissue repair or topically for skin regeneration. Research has also suggested neuroprotective and anti-tumor properties. It is one of the most well-studied peptides for both aesthetic and systemic anti-aging applications.

KPV (Lysine-Proline-Valine) is a tripeptide derived from alpha-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) that possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It works primarily by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-κB and MAPK. KPV has shown strong potential for treating inflammatory bowel conditions, reducing intestinal inflammation, and supporting wound healing. It can penetrate cell membranes to deliver anti-inflammatory effects at the cellular level. Its small size and stability make it suitable for oral administration targeting gut inflammation, as well as topical application for skin conditions.

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring thymic peptide that plays a central role in immune regulation and T-cell development. It enhances the activity of dendritic cells, T-helper cells, and natural killer cells, making it effective for both immunodeficiency conditions and immune dysregulation. FDA-approved in some countries under the brand name Zadaxin for hepatitis B and C and cancer support, it is also used in integrative medicine for chronic infections, autoimmune conditions, and general immune optimization. Thymosin Alpha-1 is considered one of the most evidence-backed immune-modulating peptides available.

LL-37 is the only known member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides in humans. It is produced by neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelial cells as part of the innate immune response. LL-37 has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and also plays important roles in wound healing, inflammation modulation, and cancer surveillance. In clinical peptide therapy, LL-37 is being explored for its potential in treating chronic infections, inflammatory skin conditions, and supporting immune function. Its dual role as both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory makes it a unique therapeutic target.

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the naturally occurring tetrapeptide tuftsin. It has been studied extensively in Russia for its anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), nootropic, and cognitive-enhancing properties. Unlike conventional anxiolytics, Selank does not cause sedation or dependence. It works by modulating GABA and serotonin systems and increasing BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression. Clinical applications include anxiety reduction, cognitive enhancement, improved focus and memory, and mood stabilization. It is commonly administered as a nasal spray for quick absorption. Particularly useful for high-functioning individuals managing stress and cognitive performance.

Semax is a synthetic analog of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) developed in Russia, where it has been used clinically for stroke recovery, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative conditions. It works by increasing BDNF and NGF (nerve growth factor), enhancing dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission, and promoting neuroplasticity. Benefits include improved attention, working memory, processing speed, and motivation. It also has neuroprotective properties, making it relevant for both performance optimization and neuroprotection. Administered as a nasal spray, it is fast-acting and well-tolerated. Popular in biohacking and cognitive performance communities.

Dihexa is a small molecule peptide derived from Angiotensin IV that has demonstrated extraordinarily potent nootropic activity, estimated to be approximately 7 orders of magnitude more potent than BDNF in promoting synaptogenesis in preclinical studies. It works by activating HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) signaling, which promotes new synapse formation and neuronal connectivity. Dihexa is studied for Alzheimer's disease, age-related cognitive decline, and general cognitive enhancement. It is available orally or topically and has a prolonged duration of action. Due to its potency, it is typically used at very low doses under medical supervision.

PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic peptide analog of alpha-MSH that acts on melanocortin receptors in the brain, specifically MC3R and MC4R, to enhance sexual desire and arousal. Unlike PDE5 inhibitors (Viagra, Cialis) that work peripherally on blood flow, PT-141 acts centrally in the CNS to increase libido and sexual motivation. It is FDA-approved as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. In men, it has shown effectiveness for both erectile dysfunction and low libido. Administered subcutaneously or intranasally approximately 30–45 minutes before activity.

Kisspeptin-10 is a fragment of the kisspeptin family of neuropeptides that plays a critical role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. It stimulates GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) neurons in the hypothalamus, leading to downstream LH and FSH release and ultimately supporting natural testosterone and estrogen production. Clinical research has explored kisspeptin-10 for treating hypogonadism, fertility support, and sexual dysfunction in both men and women. It represents a physiological approach to hormone regulation that works with the body's own hormonal feedback systems rather than replacing hormones directly.

Gonadorelin is a synthetic form of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) that stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men undergoing testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), gonadorelin is commonly used to maintain testicular function and fertility by preventing the suppression of natural LH production. It helps preserve testicular volume and natural testosterone production even during exogenous hormone therapy. It is administered via subcutaneous injection and is FDA-approved for diagnostic and therapeutic use in reproductive medicine.

Epithalon (also known as Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) derived from the pineal gland peptide Epithalamin. It is one of the most extensively studied anti-aging peptides, with research spanning decades in Russia. Its primary proposed mechanism involves stimulating telomerase activity, which can lengthen telomeres, the protective caps on chromosomes that shorten with age. Additional effects include regulation of melatonin and cortisol circadian rhythms, antioxidant activity, and potential anti-tumor properties. Used in longevity protocols by practitioners interested in biological aging interventions.

Thymalin is a polypeptide complex derived from the thymus gland that has been studied extensively in Russia for its immune-restoring and anti-aging properties. The thymus, which is central to T-cell maturation, atrophies significantly with age, leading to declining immune function. Thymalin works by stimulating thymic regeneration and restoring immune system function, particularly T-cell activity. Long-term studies have reported significant reductions in mortality and improvements in immune markers in elderly patients. Often used in combination with Epithalon in comprehensive anti-aging protocols for synergistic immunomodulatory and longevity effects.

Humanin is a small peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome, one of a growing class of mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) with systemic biological effects. It was initially identified for its ability to protect against Alzheimer's-related neurodegeneration, and subsequent research has revealed broad cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic, and metabolic benefits. Humanin levels decline significantly with age and are associated with longevity in studies of centenarians. It improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammatory markers, and protects against cellular stress. Humanin is used in advanced longevity and neuroprotection protocols.

Mots-c is another mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) encoded in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. It acts primarily as a metabolic regulator, improving insulin sensitivity, activating AMPK pathways, and enhancing fatty acid oxidation. Research has shown that Mots-c can reverse age-related metabolic decline, improve exercise capacity in older mice, and reduce diet-induced obesity. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and has been explored for type 2 diabetes management. Mots-c is an emerging peptide in longevity medicine, representing a new frontier in targeting mitochondrial health for systemic anti-aging benefits.

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide originally isolated from rabbit brain tissue that was found to induce slow-wave (delta) sleep. Beyond sleep induction, research has identified broader effects including stress attenuation, regulation of ACTH and cortisol secretion, antioxidant activity, and modulation of opioid activity. DSIP is used clinically for insomnia, chronic stress, withdrawal from alcohol and opioids, and circadian rhythm regulation. Its ability to modulate the stress-sleep axis makes it particularly valuable for patients experiencing the compounding effects of poor sleep and elevated cortisol.

Follistatin 344 is a naturally occurring glycoprotein that acts as a potent inhibitor of myostatin, a protein that limits muscle growth. By blocking myostatin, follistatin allows for greater muscle fiber development and hypertrophy. Research in animals has demonstrated dramatic increases in muscle mass with follistatin administration. In humans, it is used in performance and body composition protocols to support lean muscle gain, strength, and recovery. Follistatin also inhibits activin, which has broader effects on reproductive hormones and inflammation. It is typically administered via subcutaneous injection and is used in advanced performance protocols.

IGF-1 LR3 is a modified, long-acting form of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) with a half-life approximately 120 times longer than native IGF-1. It works by binding to IGF-1 receptors throughout the body, promoting muscle protein synthesis, satellite cell activation, fat oxidation, and cellular repair. Unlike native IGF-1, the LR3 modification reduces binding to IGF binding proteins, increasing bioavailability. Used in performance and body composition protocols for accelerated muscle gain and recovery. Requires careful dosing and medical supervision due to its potency and potential impact on blood glucose regulation.

Larazotide (AT-1001) is a synthetic peptide designed to regulate the tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells, which control intestinal permeability, often referred to as 'leaky gut.' It works by blocking the effects of zonulin, a protein that opens tight junctions and increases gut permeability. Clinical trials have investigated larazotide for celiac disease, showing reductions in intestinal permeability and symptom improvement. It is being studied for broader applications in inflammatory bowel conditions, autoimmune disease, and any condition associated with compromised gut barrier integrity. Represents a targeted approach to gut health at the cellular level.

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide found throughout the nervous system, gut, and immune system. It has broad regulatory effects including smooth muscle relaxation, intestinal secretion, immune modulation, and neuroprotection. VIP acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production while promoting regulatory T-cell activity. It has been studied for inflammatory bowel disease, POTS (postural tachycardia syndrome), pulmonary hypertension, and immune dysregulation. VIP's combined gut and immune regulatory effects make it relevant for complex chronic conditions involving inflammation and autonomic dysfunction.

Oxytocin is a naturally produced neuropeptide and hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland. Known as the 'bonding hormone,' it plays central roles in social connection, trust, empathy, and stress regulation. In clinical wellness applications, intranasal oxytocin is used to support mood, reduce anxiety, improve social engagement, and support recovery from trauma. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and can modulate the HPA axis to reduce cortisol. Used therapeutically for anxiety disorders, PTSD, autism spectrum conditions, and relationship difficulties. Requires careful dosing as both under- and over-administration can have varied effects on mood and behavior.

Melanotan II is a synthetic analog of alpha-MSH that activates melanocortin receptors to stimulate melanin production, resulting in skin darkening without UV exposure. Beyond its tanning effect, Melanotan II has potent effects on sexual function (similar to PT-141, from which it is structurally related), appetite suppression, and lipolysis. It is not FDA-approved but is used in some clinical settings for its multiple melanocortin-mediated effects. Due to its broad receptor activity, dosing and side effect management require medical oversight. Should only be used under supervision of a qualified provider.

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a cell-permeable tetrapeptide that specifically targets the inner mitochondrial membrane and stabilizes cardiolipin, a phospholipid critical for electron transport chain function and ATP production. By improving mitochondrial efficiency, SS-31 reduces oxidative stress, improves cellular energy production, and has demonstrated benefits in heart failure, kidney disease, and aging-related decline. It is one of the most targeted peptides for mitochondrial health and is being studied in clinical trials for multiple age-related conditions. Represents the cutting edge of mitochondria-focused anti-aging medicine.

5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule inhibitor of NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase), an enzyme that plays a key role in cellular metabolism and fat storage. By inhibiting NNMT, 5-Amino-1MQ increases NAD+ precursor availability, activates SIRT1 (a key longevity enzyme), reduces fat cell size, and improves metabolic function. Research has shown it can reduce fat mass without changes in diet in animal models. It is taken orally and is used in metabolic optimization and anti-aging protocols. Often combined with NMN or NR for synergistic NAD+ pathway support.

Hexarelin is one of the most potent synthetic growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs), capable of producing strong GH pulses through ghrelin receptor activation. Beyond GH stimulation, hexarelin has demonstrated unique cardioprotective properties, it binds directly to cardiac receptors and has shown benefits in cardiac function independent of its GH effects. It also promotes IGF-1 production and has anti-inflammatory properties. Due to its potency, hexarelin is typically used in shorter cycles and at lower doses compared to Ipamorelin. Used in GH optimization, body composition, recovery, and cardiac wellness protocols under medical supervision.

GHRP-2 is a second-generation synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide that acts on the ghrelin receptor to stimulate GH secretion from the pituitary. It produces strong GH pulses and also significantly stimulates appetite, making it useful in protocols aimed at muscle gain and body recomposition. GHRP-2 is often combined with a GHRH analog like CJC-1295 or Sermorelin for synergistic GH stimulation. It has a relatively short half-life and is typically administered 2-3 times daily via subcutaneous injection. Benefits include improved body composition, sleep quality, recovery, and metabolic function.

Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment is a shorter synthetic fragment derived from the active region of Thymosin Beta-4, designed to retain the tissue repair and anti-inflammatory properties of the full TB-500 peptide in a more concentrated form. It promotes actin polymerization, cell migration, and angiogenesis, the key mechanisms behind TB-500's regenerative effects. The fragment may offer a more targeted approach for specific injury recovery, wound healing, and inflammation reduction with a potentially cleaner side effect profile. Often used in athletic recovery protocols alongside BPC-157 for comprehensive musculoskeletal healing support.

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every living cell, playing a central role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and activation of sirtuins, proteins associated with longevity and cellular stress resistance. NAD+ levels decline significantly with age (by approximately 50% by middle age), which is linked to metabolic decline, reduced cellular energy production, and impaired DNA repair. IV NAD+ therapy delivers the coenzyme directly into the bloodstream for rapid cellular uptake. Benefits include improved energy, cognitive clarity, mood, and recovery. Oral precursors like NMN and NR are also used to support NAD+ levels.

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) is a direct precursor to NAD+ that is converted to NAD+ in cells. Unlike IV NAD+, NMN is taken orally and has demonstrated high bioavailability in human clinical studies. NMN supplementation has been associated with improvements in muscle function, insulin sensitivity, energy metabolism, and DNA repair capacity. It activates SIRT1 and SIRT3 sirtuins, which regulate metabolism, inflammation, and cellular stress responses. Often combined with Resveratrol for enhanced sirtuin activation. NMN is one of the most evidence-backed longevity supplements and is commonly included in comprehensive anti-aging wellness protocols.

Cerebrolysin is a mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and amino acids derived from porcine brain tissue that mimics the effects of endogenous neurotrophic factors. It has been extensively studied in Europe and Asia for stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and age-related cognitive decline. Cerebrolysin promotes neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis by mimicking the actions of BDNF, NGF, and other growth factors. In clinical wellness settings, it is used for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and recovery from neurological insults. Administered via intramuscular or intravenous injection for optimal bioavailability.